The
Bergamasco is a breed of dog with its origins in
the Italian Alps, where it was originally used as a herding dog.
The Bergamasco is a medium size dog, well proportioned and harmonious having
a rustic appearance. It is a solidly compact dog with a strong, powerful build
that gives it great resistance without taking away any of its agility and speed
of movement.
The breed's most
distinctive feature is the unusual felted coat, a normal and healthy
characteristic of the breed. The coat is characterized by three types of hair;
these are abundant, and form mats or flocks. The mats start from the spine and
go down the flanks, growing every year to reach the ground. The color of the
coat can be anything from an appearance of gray or silver gray (in fact a merle)
to a mixture of black to coal, with brown shades also intermixed. These colors
may have served as a camouflage when working in the mountains.
Bergamascos are born with short, smooth fur, which slowly develops the
characteristic mats as the dog grows.
FCI-Standard N° 194 / 01. 06. 1992 /GB
BERGAMASCO SHEPHERD (Cane da pastore Bergamasco)
ORIGIN : Italy.
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE ORIGINAL VALID STANDARD : 27.11.1989.
UTILIZATION : Shepherd dog used in driving and guarding herds.
CLASSIFICATION F.C.I. : Group 1 Sheepdogs and Cattledogs – except Swiss
cattledogs. Section 1 Sheepdogs. Without working trial.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY : This ancient breed of guard dogs of herds
has spread all over the region of the Italian Alps; the total number of these
dogs was especially great in the Bergamasca valleys, where the breeding of
sheep was highly developed.
GENERAL APPEARANCE : The Bergamasco shepherd is a dog of medium size of
rustic appearance with an abundant coat covering all parts of the body, of a
powerful construction but very well proportioned. Its general shape is that of
a medium proportions dog, whose body fits into a square. He is balanced as much
in relation to its size (heterometry = normal proportions between size and
different parts of the body) as with the profiles (alloidisme = concordance
between the profiles of the head and the body).
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS : The length of the body, measured from the
foremost point of the shoulder (humeral-scapular joint) to the rearmost point
of the thigh (pelvic tuber of the ischium) is equal to the height at the
withers (the body thus fitting into a square). Permitted, but not desirable is
a slight margin of tolerance which in no case must be more than one or two cms.
The length of the head is 4/10 of the height at the withers. The depth of chest
must be 50% of the height at the withers.
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT : The function of the Bergamasco Shepherd is to
guide and guard the herd, task for which he shows exemplary disposition thanks
to his vigilance, his concentration and psychological balance- His learning
faculty and determination combined with his moderation and patience make of him
an excellent guard and companion dog, suited to the most diverse uses. He
establishes a close relationship with man.
HEAD : The length of muzzle is the same as that of the skull. In its
parallelepiped ensemble, the head seems large. The skin must not be thick, but
close fitting to the underlying tissues without forming wrinkles.
CRANIAL REGION : Skull : The skull is broad and slightly convex
between the ears; is also wide and rounded in the region of the forehead. The
upper longitudinal head planes of the skull and the muzzle are parallel. The
length of the skull is the same as that of the muzzle. Its width must not be
more than half the length of the head. The protuberances of the forehead are
well developed both in longitudinal and transversal sense, the zygomatic
process of the frontal bone are well defined. The median frontal furrow (or
flute) is marked; the occipital protuberance is obvious and prominent.
Stop : The frontal-nasal depression (stop) is well adjusted, but accentuated
due to the marked apophyses of the bones of the nose and forehead, the frontal
protuberances and superciliary arches.
FACIAL REGION : Muzzle : Tapers progressively towards its
extremity and its lateral sides converge slightly, so that the muzzle itself is
not pointed but truncated, with a foreface rather flat. Its length is the same
of that of the skull. Its width, measured at half length, reaches about 50% of
its length. The height of the muzzle must not be less than half its length. The
upper profile of the muzzle, traced by the profile of the face, is straight.
The lower profile is not determined by the lip, but by the jaw. Because of this
conformation, the corner of the lips is not obvious; the mouth is well split so
that the corner of the lips is at the level of an imaginary vertical from the
outer angle of the eye. The lower profile of the jaw is almost straight.
Lips : Fine and of little importance, they separate under the nose making
a well opened arc which forms a third of a circle; hence the teeth in the jaw
are only just covered. The rims of the lips are well pigmented.
Jaws/Teeth : Upper and lower jaw well developed; the lower jaw (mandible)
really strong and large. Teeth white, complete and well developed dentition;
incisors in regular alignment. Scissor bite. Cheeks : Not very prominent.
Eyes : Large; iris of a more or less dark chestnut colour depending on the
colour of the coat. They are set on an almost identical frontal plan. Their
expression is soft, serene and attentive. The opening of the eyelid is slightly
oval and the eyelid axis has an obliqueness of about 15° on the horizontal. The
eyelids fit tightly over the eye, with black pigmented rims; eyelashes are
particularly long so that they can lift the hair falling from the forehead over
the eyes. Ears : Set high, semi-drooping, i.e. the last two thirds of the
lobe are drooping. When the dog is attentive, the ear lifts slightly at its
base. Triangular shape. Length is between 11 and 13 cm, width 6.5 to 8 cm. It
shows a wide base which, towards the back, extends to where the head sets on
the neck, whereas towards the front, it reaches the middle of the skull. The
tip is slightly rounded. On the ears the hair is slightly wavy and soft; ends
up forming fringes on the tip.
NECK : Upper profile is slightly convex. The neck is a little bit
shorter than the head; in effect, when extended, is not more than 80% of the
length of the head. The perimeter of the neck, taken halfway of its length,
must be at least double its length. The skin is never flabby, so always without
dewlap. Hair must be dense.
BODY : Topline : Withers well defined from the straight topline.
The lumbar region shows a certain convexity and the rump is somewhat sloping.
Withers : High and long. The neck harmoniously joined to the body. Back :
Straight, well muscled and of good width, its length about 30% of the height at
the withers. Lumbar region merging well with the topline and the rump. The
length of the lumbar part is about 20% of the height at the withers; it is thus
definitely shorter than the dorsal part. The width of the lumbar region is
about the same as its length; muscles of the whole region are well developed.
Croup : Wide, strong, well muscled and slanting, with an inclination of
30° below the horizontal; transversal width between the hips must be 1/7th of
the height at the withers. Chest : Must be ample, brisket let down to the
level of the elbows and well curved – Its perimeter (measured behind the
elbows) is more by 25% than the height at the withers - Its transversal diameter
must reach 30% of the height at the withers. Depth and height of the chest must
be 50% of the height at the withers. Underline and Belly : From the
sternum, the lower profile rises very slightly towards the belly which is a
little tucked up. The length of the flanks must correspond with that of the
lumbar region, which is short. The hollowness in the flanks is minimal.
TAIL : Set on third part of rump, thick and strong at its root,
tapering towards its extremity. Covered with goat-like hair slightly wavy. Its
length is 60 to 65% of the height at the withers and reaches the hock easily
when the dog is standing normally; though it is preferable it should be
shorter. At rest the tail is carried “sabre” fashion i.e. drooping in its first
third parts, then slightly curved in its last third part. In action the dog
wags his tail like a flag.
LIMBS
FOREQUARTERS : On the whole seen from the front and in profile the
forequarters are straight. Height from ground to elbow is 50% of the height at
the withers; they are well proportioned in relation to the size of the dog.
Shoulders : Well constructed and massive. The length of the shoulder blade
is a little more than the quarter of the height at the withers and measures
between 15 and 17 cm. Its obliqueness below the horizontal is of 45 of 55
degrees. Muscles must always be well developed. Upper arm : Must be well
muscled with strong bone construction. Its length is 30% of the height at the
withers. Its inclination below the horizontal is between 60 and 70 degrees. The
opening of the scapula-humerus angle varies between 105 and 125 degrees.
Elbows : Must be placed in parallel plans to the median plane of the body.
The point of the elbow must be on an imaginary vertical letdown from the caudal
angle of the shoulder blade. The opening of the radial-humerus angle varies
between about 150 and 155 degrees. From the level of the elbow going downwards,
the hair must be abundant, long and dense, with a tendance to look like flocks
of hair. Forearm : Vertical; its length is at least equal to that of the
upper arm. Muscle and bone well developed. Carpus (Carpal joint) : Mobile and lean with the
pisiform bone clearly protruding, it extends the vertical line of the forearm.
Metacarpus (Pastern) : Must be lean and mobile. Seen from the front, must
be placed in the same vertical plan as the forearm. Seen in profile , is
slightly oblique to the front. Feet : Oval shaped (hare foot) with well
closed and arched toes. Strong nails, curved and well pigmented. Tough pads of
a dark colour.
HINDQUARTERS : On the whole, the hindquarters relate well to the size
of the dog. Limbs straight, as much in profile as seen from behind. Upper
thigh : Long, wide, well muscled with a rear profile slightly convex. Its
length exceeds about 30% of the height at the withers, and its width 75% of its
length. The aperture of the coxal-femoral joint angle varies between 100 and
105 degrees. Leg (second thigh) : Robust bone structure and lean muscle,
the groove in the muscle is well marked. Length of leg is about 1/3 of the
height at the withers. Inclination below the horizontal is about 55 degrees.
Knee (stifle joint) : Is on perfectly straight line with the limb, is not
turned either in or out. The tibial-femoral angle is open and measures about
130 – 135 degrees. Hock : Lateral sides of the hock joint must be really
wide. The distance from the point of the hock to the ground must not be less
than 25% of the height at the withers. Aperture of the angle of the
tarsal-tibial articulation varies between 140 and 145 degrees. Metatarsus (Rear
pastern) : Its length is about 15% of the height at the withers if gauged
independently; if measured from the point of the heel bone, its length is the
same as that of the hock. Its direction must be vertical. Eventual dewclaws must
be eliminated. Feet : As the front with all the same characteristics.
GAIT / MOVEMENT : Step free and long; the trot, rather extended and well
maintained, is the preferred gait. Because of its conformation, the dog can
easily go into an ordinary gallop, gait which he is able to maintain for a
relatively long time.
SKIN : Tight to the body, must be fine all over, but especially on the
ears and forequarters. Neck without dewlap and head without wrinkles. Colour of
the mucous membranes and third eyelids must be black.
COAT
HAIR : Very abundant, very long and different depending on the regions.
The texture is harsh, (goat hair) particularly on the front of the body. From
halfway of the chest towards the rear, and on all the limbs, the coat tends to
form strands or is already in strands, depending on the subject’s age; these
strands must start from the topline of the back and fall on the sides of the
body. On the head the hair is less harsh and covers the eyes. On the limbs, the
coat must be evenly distributed everywhere in the shape of soft flocks falling
towards the ground; forms a kind of pilaster on the front and strands on the
hindquarters, this without fringes. The undercoat is so short and dense, it is
not easy to see the skin. Must be greasy to the touch.
COLOUR : Solid grey or with grey patches of all possible shades from a
most delicate grey to a brighter shade of grey on to black; Isabel and light
fawn shades are permitted. An all black coat is allowed providing the black is
really opaque (zain). An all white coat is proscribed – White patches are
tolerated as long as their surface is not more than a fifth of the total
surface of the coat.
SIZE AND WEIGHT : Height at withers : The ideal height at the
withers for males is 60 cm with a tolerance of 2 cm, either above or below. For
the females : 56 cm also with a tolerance of 2 cm more or less.
Weight: Males : 32 – 38 kg, Females : 26 – 32 kg.
FAULTS : Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a
fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in
exact proportion to its degree. The same conditions apply to dogs with too
small a head and those who amble permanently.
ELIMINATING FAULTS : · Facial-cranial head planes convergent or
divergent. · Accentuated and disfiguring prognathism. · Bilateral strabismus
(squint). · Nose partially depigmented. · Size over or under the margins
indicated by the standard. · Curled up tail.
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS : · Aggressive or overly shy. · Total
depigmentation of nose. · Muzzle (foreface) definitely convex (roman nose) or
concave. · Total bilateral depigmentation of the eyelids. · Wall-eyed (even one
eye). · Jaws : upper prognathism (undershot mouth). · Taillessness (anury)
or stump tail (brachyury); carried rolled over the back. · Skin : total
depigmentation of the rims of the lips and of the eyes. · Coat colour :
white, more than 1/5 of the total surface.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be
disqualified.
Health information for this breed is sparse. The only
health survey appears to be a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, which had a sample
size of 0 deceased dogs and 10 living dogs, far too few dogs from which to draw
any conclusions.